Nightmares Essay Example For Students

Nightmares Essay NightmaresUsually when you end up drifting off to sleep, you fall into a deep sleep and begin to experience a so called dream. However, most children, and even some adults, experience some even more terrifying so called dreams. These dreams are called nightmares. Nightmares have been occurring in peoples sleep for hundreds of years. People have been interested in them for centuries and they have quite an interesting past to them. People used to believe that the dream anxiety attack was caused by a demon pressing up against a persons chest during their sleep. They were even considered as a form of black magic, evil affiliation, and even sometimes possession. The sleep cycle comes in a multi-stage cycle. All in all there are five cycles. The first four of the stages is where there is non-rapid eye movement (NREM). As the fifth stage occurs, that is where rapid eyes moment (REM) happens. Nightmares almost always occur in the second half of a persons sleep and it is always followed with an awakening of the individual even if the person doesnt remember waking up during the night. Nine times out of ten, when peoples brain cant handle what is going on during the rapid eye movement stage, they wake up very panically and are also very aware of their surroundings. Nightmares are mostly referred to as being a younger persons trouble but you will find that a lot of adults have the problem of nightmares also. The children s nightmare is very different than the adults because the adults nightmare is based on the persons fears such as being chased or attacked. The childrens nightmare is more of a fantasy nightmare. Anyone that has a high fever before they go to bed is more likely to suffer from a nightmare. Rapid eye movement will usually wake a person up if they can sense that something bad is going to happen. Most of the time when one has a nightmare, will wake up right before some really bad will happen. the most popular nightmare is when you are actually falling from something that is very high up in the air. It always ends by you waking up right before you are about to hit the ground. It is been proved that no matter how many nightmares that one person will have, not one single nightmare will be exactly the same as any of the others. You could end up having a nightmare that is occurring in the same lace as another but there will never be the same exact nightmare more that once. That is very hard t o believe considering all of the nightmares that you will come across in your lifetime. In reading these articles, I have learned a lot about the subject of nightmares. I had never known before that you will never encounter the same nightmare more than once. I also didnt know about the rapid eye movement and the non-rapid eye movement stages. I now know that whenever you wake up sometimes and you have slept for a really long amount of time and youre still tired, thats because you were waken up during one of the other sleep cycles instead of waking up during the first stage. Words/ Pages : 543 / 24

Comparison between Chinese and Spanish Colonialism

Investigation into how mass affects the rate of fall of cup cakes Essay Example

Investigation into how mass affects the rate of fall of cup cakes Essay Example Investigation into how mass affects the rate of fall of cup cakes Essay Investigation into how mass affects the rate of fall of cup cakes Essay Aim: In this investigation we will observe and analyse the rate of fall of cup cakes when the mass is altered.In my preliminary work we conducted experiments where we dropped a large surface area parachute and small surface area parachute from the same height of 1 metre and 1.5 metres. The purpose of this preliminary experiment is to familiarise and understand the principles involved in the experiment.Diagram:Results of preliminary experiment (1):Parachute dropped at 1 metre -Time in seconds to fall 1 metreSmall surface area parachute1.161.221.25Large surface area parachute2.002.031.84Average:Time in seconds to fall 1 metreSmall surface area parachute1.21Large surface area parachute1.96From these results we can see that, the larger the surface of the parachute will fall at a slower speed compared to a smaller parachute with a smaller surface area, which will fall at a faster speed. A larger surface area increases the air resistance, and slows the fall.Another experiment that was cond ucted is where cup cakes are dropped at the same level, the variable being the weight of the paper cup. The weight was increased but adding paperclips to the paper cup.Diagram:Results of preliminary experiment (2):1.151.071.141.281.121.121.211.181.161.23Average time taken to fall in seconds5.165.91From these particular results we can tell that the more paper clips added the heavier the falling object is and the faster it will reach the ground.Because the weight and gravity are not balanced then paper cup accelerated in that direction. The rate of fall increased as the weight increased.Experiment: Investigation into how mass affects the rate of falling cup cakesAPPARATUS* Paper cups * 2. Metre sticks * Clamp * StopwatchDiagram of materials in useMETHODOnce the apparatus is set up correctly, at the height of 2 metres from the floor we will drop the paper cup and record the time it takes to finish the 2 metre drop.2 metres is chosen as the height as it allows time to release the paper cup and start and stop the clock sufficiently. As opposed to a shorter distance e.g. 1 metre where it allows errors to be made since it reaches the ground so fast, the person timing, their reflexes may not be fast enough to react accurately. 2 metres is also a practical height as it can be reached if we use a chair to aid us. If we increased the height to 3 metres the paper cup is more likely to be affected by disturbances towards the experiment e.g. Drafts.The paper cup will be dropped 3 times at each selected mass to insure accurate results and hopefully rule out any erroneous results.Ive chosen to drop the paper cup in an upright position (\__/) because it is more streamline and so the particles in the air can travel at an equal velocity and low frictional drag.If the paper cup is dropped upside down (/ ) there will be an increased turbulent force as the streamline are more irregular and high frictional drag, these factors are more likely to affect the results.Table of selected R ange:RANGE1 cup2 cups3 cups4 cups5 cupsI believe this is a good range as the mass is steadily increased. Also the differences between each cup, in ascending order are equal.To ensure that it will be a fair test there will only be one variable which is the mass of the paper cups, everything else will be kept the same.2 metres is chosen as it is an adequate time to release the cup as well as record the time sufficiently. At a shorter distance our reflexes may not be quick enough to react to the touchdown of the paper cup and an increased distance will allow more outside factors to affect the drop of the paper cup e.g. drafts. Ive came to the decision through the preliminary experiments where at dropping the parachutes from 1 metre we found it difficult to record an accurate time. The height of 2 metres will be kept through out the whole experiment.The paper cups itself will be of the same type and brand new so this minimizes and disturbments to the shape or creases of the cup, this wi ll help maintain a streamline shape.So that the time can be recorded as accurately as possible, one specific person will be stopping the clock only, so all distractions are minimal, they will not have to concentrate on any other task e.g. dropping the cup. So hopefully the recorded times will be accurate. If we had to combine the jobs of dropping the paper cup as well as stopping the clock this could delay the reflexes and result in an inaccurate time being recorded.Each experiment will be repeated three times on each mass to rule out any errors.From my preliminary work, I can use Newtons Second Law to aid my prediction of the experiment;If there is an UNBALANCED FORCE, then the object will accelerate in that direction. The size of the acceleration is decided by the formula F = ma A= F/MAlso, acceleration is proportional to force. The acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass -As the paper cups will have different masses this will affect the terminal velocityV = Initial vel ocity + (Acceleration à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Time)So from this formula I know that an increased mass will increase the fall of the paper cup.1) Initially the forces will be unbalanced so the paper cup will accelerate2) But then the two forces will balance out and move at a steady speed, this is because it has reached terminal velocity.- Due to a greater mass there will be a greater terminal velocity.The earths gravitational pull on the paper cup is proportional to its mass. The strength of the earths gravitational field is 10N/kg. The weight of an object is the force that gravity exerts on it, and is equal to the objects mass à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the pull of gravity on each kg.Weight = mgAnd the size of g can show the gravitational acceleration g = w/m.So, the paper cup which has the biggest, as will accelerate faster.Both balls have a spread of 40 m/s. At this speed the weight of the red ball is balanced be air resistance but the heavier green ball is still accelerating.Surface area also affects th e speed of fall; an object with a large surface area will be slowed down and shown in preliminary experiment with the parachutes.However in this particular experiment the surface are will stay the same, perhaps a minute increase of surface area where the added paper cups are places around the rim, but this would only make a minor difference.So, from these formulas I predict that as the mass increases, the time taken to fall a 2 metre distance will be less compared to the smaller mass paper cups. There will be a higher terminal velocity reached by the larger mass paper cups which will result in a quicker fallIve illustrated my results in a graph; I predict the graph to be inversely proportional.

Sexual Pressure by Peers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sexual Pressure by Peers - Essay Example The 2003 survey of the Kaiser Family Foundation gives one a picture of the youths’ attitude on sex, contacting sexually transmitted diseases, and unwanted/unexpected pregnancy (Stone 2004). Numerous adolescents, especially boys, feel peer pressure to have sex before they are ready (Auerback 1994). The survey also gave a report that boys mention drugs and alcohol are conveyors of sexual activities, often without the use of protection such as condom. One out three adolescent males aged 15-17 says that yes, he can sense the pressure to already engage in sexual activities, while one out of five females of the same age bracket says the same thing (Stone 2004). Their friend’s influence for them to drink was high equally for both boys and girls; pressure to take addicting substances has about the same rate with pressure to have sex, according to the survey. Finally, a total of 63 percent of adolescents surveyed (aged 15-17) agreed either strongly or somewhat that "waiting to have sex is a good thing but nobody really does this." Surprisingly, 6 percent of the boys said they are ‘more likely to say so’. Promiscuous, irresponsible sexual activity is the world’s main cause of HIV epidemic. A surprising average of two young individuals per hour per day gets the HIV virus. Half of everyday’s recorded HIV cases worldwide are young people under the age of 25. HIV/ AIDS are spreading at alarming rate and are costing billions of dollars to prevent or eradicate. It has also claimed millions of lives (Hasida 2003).

Othello, the Moor of Venice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Othello, the Moor of Venice - Essay Example Due to his complete trust of Iago, he failed to examine the situation and preferred to be moved by the intensity of his emotions, assuming a full thought of betrayal he didn’t attempt to seek basis on. On this note, one may find having momentary empathy over Othello’s condition in which he finds it truly painful to discover infidelity which he supposed had come so abruptly from the side of Desdemona. His ardent love for her brings to revelation the weakness of a character who has had so much to prove in terms of his skills as a Moorish general in the Venetian army and several other aspects which rightfully place him as a novel’s protagonist. Iago has been capable of executing his cunning, manipulative strategies to get into power without getting caught due to his intelligence and expertise as a high-ranking soldier that he managed to hold in secret the marriage between Othello and Desdemona. This makes Othello keep a considerable amount of confidence with Iago along with the other incidences in which the former was aided by him so it could never be in Othello’s mind to suspect Iago of deception turned against him. On the other hand, Othello instantly lacks trust and faith with his relationship with his love and has allowed desperation to ruin any wisdom in his reservation. He could have acted and moved with thought, considering his position and character, that there are sides to be heard, justice, and faith of a loved one who, by him, was unjustly fated. His unjustified reaction could have been suspended had he employed a meditative trait of a wise

Employment Law and Human Resources

Employment Law and Human Resources Christopher Serrano Week Two Assignment What do you think are some of the factors in the modern workplace that contribute to a theft of time? How can those factors be managed? Theft time occurs when an employee waste their time, such as taking extended breaks, arriving late, leaving early, unnecessary time and excessive internet usage for non related work. The biggest influences to the theft of time in a deskbound job is the use of internet for non related work purposes. It is very tempting for an employee to waste time when they are in from of a computer browsing online especially checking their social media status. One other major contributing cause to the theft of time is when an employee make their workday taking personal calls to deal with personal situations. Although these forms of theft of time can overlooked from the attention of the employer, there are things that a company can do to prevent employees from stealing time. One of the most effective way to prevent theft of time is to block certain websites, such as social media outlets especially Facebook. When an employees notice that certain websites are block, they are less likely to visit that website again. Companies can also monitor their employees by implementing the use of time and attendance software with the use of biometric scanner that requires employees to check in and check out when they arrive, leave, take breaks, and lunch breaks. The use of biometric and attendance system will warrant that employees scan themselves in and out without the assistance of a co-worker do it for them. 2. What does the word Whistleblower mean (legally speaking)? Give an example of whistleblowing. A whistleblower is a person who reports inside knowledge of illegal act occurring in a business and notifies the government of an unlawful act committed by that company. The Whistleblower Protection Act (WPA) of 1989 was enacted to safeguard workers who report major violations of the law from being discharged or otherwise retaliated against by their employers. To qualify for whistle-blower protection, an employee must provide a written disclosure regarding a violation of state or federal law through (1) mismanagement, (2) abuse of authority, (3) substantial waste of public funds, or (4) danger to public health and/or safety. (Moran, 2013) An example of whistleblowing is when the former CIA contractor Edward Snowden exposed the US Intelligence of collecting millions of internet data and phone records from the Americans. 3. Retaliation has become one of the most often cited reasons for employees filing charges with the EEOC against their employers. Please define retaliation in the legal, employment sense and explain when it is illegal. What can an employee do when they feel they have been retaliated against and for what reasons does retaliation rise to the level of an EEOC lawsuit? Retaliation is when an employee retaliates against its former employer for harassment and discrimation. If an employee feel that theyve been retaliated against, they can file a claim with Employment Equal Opportunity Commission for wrongful discharged. Although, here are several factors before filing a lawsuit which includes the seriousness of the violation, the type of legal issues in the case and the wider impact the lawsuit (EEOC.Gov). 4. During the course of a day, employee Jennifer Anniestown (an accountant) constantly opens and updates her Facebook account on her iPad, checks on her lottery ticket numbers, calls and talks to her mother for 30 minutes, her children for 10 minutes (she makes sure they get home safely every day) and her husband every afternoon for 15 minutes to see if he or she is making dinner that night. Her employer, Billybob Thornblower listens to each of her phone calls to make sure that she isnt talking to his wife, one of her good friends, about his actions at work. (He is always hitting on the salesgirls, in a good-natured way.) Billybob ends up being fired for sexual harassment when one of the salesgirls complains. Jennifers new boss, Tracy, notices that Jennifer is doing a ton of personal work during company time. There is no written policy about this issue at the company. To date, Jennifers work is exemplary. She always has everything done in a timely manner and her books balance at the end of every day. What should Tracy do about this situation? Tracy should warn Jennifer of this behavior before reporting her to Human Resources. Even though Jennifer is very good at what she does and can get her assigned task done in a timely manner, Tracy should tell her that she is committing theft of time and wasting companys money by taking care of personal matters during companys time. If this behavior continues, Tracy should sit down with her and write her up for performance improvement review to give her one more chance before terminating her employment. 5. Last month, Steven Smith was hired as the secretary for lawyer Wayne Wright, who has a drinking problem. Waynes last secretary quit when Wayne tried to get her to go out with him on a date. So far, Steven and Wayne have gotten along peachy. Steven is subpoenaed to testify in the harassment lawsuit of Waynes former secretary, and says (under oath) that Wayne has treated him great, but that Wayne also admitted he had asked the secretary out on dates regularly and grabbed her inappropriately. Steven is telling the truth. A few weeks later, Wayne and his firm lose the harassment case and have to pay the prior secretary back pay and reinstate her to her job as part of the damages in the case. The firm terminates Steven so that they can put the old secretary back in her job. Steven asks you what you think he should do. What do you say? As an advisor to Steven, I would advise him not to retaliate because as part of the court order, Waynes firm have to reinstate the former secretary back in her job. I would also remind him that he was an at-will employee therefore his former employer doesnt require to give him reason as to why they let him go. Lastly, I will tell Steven to reach out to Waynes office and ask if he can use them as a reference and ask for recommendation for future employment opportunity since he had a good relationship with Wayne. References: Moran, John J. Employment Law, 6th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 01/2013.  VitalBook file. Filing a Lawsuit. (n.d.). Retrieved, from https://www.eeoc.gov/employees/lawsuit.cfm

Capital Structure within Ford Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze Ford Motor Company’s capital structure to understand the financial risks and companies financial make up. The research paper will also discuss the Modigliani and Miller capital structure theory including common criticisms. To understand Fords profitability we will take a close look at their financial ratios including stock rates and future analysis of the company’s assets. Research was done by reading news articles, online periodicals and stock references including Fords own annual reports and website. In conclusions we will understand the optimal structure for Ford Motor Company and what should be done to ensure continued success within an ever changing industry. Overview of Ford Motor Company Henry Ford founded Ford Motor Company on June 16th, 1903 with several partners in Dearborn, Michigan. During the early years the company produced several vehicles ranging from the Model A in 1903 to The K, in 1907. The most notable of the Ford motor company vehicles is the Model T in 1909. Ford built over 18,000 Model T’s in 1909, by 1912 they were producing over 170,000 which required a move to a larger plant. By this  time Ford Motor Company was international and within the next few decades it would expand overseas to include Austria, Argentina, Ireland and Australia to name a few. Henry Ford was in control of the company until his wife and daughter demanded that he give over control of the company to his grandson in 1943. Ford died in 1947, attracting over 7 million viewers at a national level. Ford Motor Company would go on to be the largest and most profitable companies in the world. They would ultimately own 5 other brands including Lincoln, Mercury, Land Rover, Jaguar , Volvo and Aston Martin, by 2008 all would be sold except Lincoln. Ford Motor Company Capital Structure In 2012, pre-tax operating profit excluding special items, was $8 billion, or $1.41 per share. Record results of $8.3 billion in North America, continued solid performance from Ford Credit of $1.7 billion, positive results in South America, continued investment in Asia Pacific Africa and began a challenging transition in Europe. 2012 ended with automotive gross cash of $24.3 billion, exceeding debt by $10 billion. A strong liquidity position of $34.5 billion, an increase of $2.1 billion over 2011. With an eye to the future, Ford continued the largest and fastest manufacturing expansion in more than 50 years, adding capacity to support growth plans in North America and Asia Pacific Africa. (Ford, 2012) Although Ford has debt of over $14 Billion they are still positioned to continue to be the top automotive maker in the US. Their debt can be attributed to the decision made by CEO Alan Mulallys decision to borrow $23.6 Billion in 2006 to avoid the recession and ultimately causing others to require government assistance (Taylor, 2009). This decision has afforded Ford the room to make decisions to better their market share in the future. Business and Financial Risks at Ford Ford Motor Company has multiple revenue streams including Ford Motor Company as well as Ford Financial services. Ford Motor can be impacted not only by economic recession or the public’s review of American made vehicles including trucks that have high gas mileage. With the current increasing gas prices Ford must ensure they are investing in the development of the cost and gas efficient vehicles within its portfolio. Fords decision to  increase debt may have given them positive public relations but has put them in a difficult position with limited cash flow needed to continue to grow products. During 2011, global economic growth slowed to about 2.5% from 4% in 2010, as the worsening debt crisis in Europe, regime changes in North Africa, natural disasters in Japan and Thailand, and moderating economic growth in several key newly-developed and emerging markets all contributed to slow growth. Global growth in 2012 remained at the relatively low level of about 2.5% due to the Eur opean debt crisis, slowing of Chinese economic growth, and moderate pace of recovery in the United States. During 2013, global economic growth is expected to remain in the 2% – 3% range. The European debt crisis remains a key risk to economic growth. The current economic performance in many European countries, particularly Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain, is being hampered by excessive government debt levels and the resulting budget austerity measures that are contributing to weak economic growth. The EU, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund have provided important support for many of these countries undergoing structural changes. During 2013, economic growth is likely to remain weak in these markets, even though financial markets have begun to stabilize. The U.K. government has implemented budget cuts and tax increases that will depress growth, although the labor market has stabilized in recent months. Uncertainties associated with the Eu ropean debt crisis, and policy responses to it, could impact global economic performance in 2013. (Yahoo, 2013) Below is the capital structure as of September 2013. Equity is represented by the Orange equaling 20.5 Billion, with company debt of over 110 Billion. The Modigliani and Miller Theory of Capital Structure The Modigliani and Miller theory of capital structure has two propositions: 1) A firm’s total value is independent of its capital structure, and 2) the return on equity will rise and the debt to equity ratio rises in order to compensate investors for the additional financial risk. The first proposition relies on the assumptions that before tax-operating profits are not affected by capital structure neither are taxes themselves, and the firm’s capital structure choices do not convey important information to the  market. What the Modigliani and Miller means to the Ford and its investors is that since the company was able to get a large amount of cash through taking on debt, to increase the value of the company it needs to use this capital to generate more revenue. Investors will not respond to a rise in the debt levels of the company until they become excessive, what will increase the value of the company is a rise in sales revenue. This is not to say that there is no a dverse effects of the company taking more debt and the shareholders will not be any worse off as debt levels go up. There is considerably more risk as the company becomes more and more leveraged. This is the basis for the second proposition to Modigliani and Miller’s theory, which says that as risk increases the investor’s expected return also rises to compensate for the additional exposure to risk. The second theorem is what dictates that Ford use its additional capital to generate more income. Without a significant rise in demand for automobiles, Mulally’s only choice was to shed assets that were costing too much money and take market share. Optimal Capital Structure at Ford Ford Motor Company has seen a large increase in their debt to equity ratio since their decision in 2006 to borrow against their assets. Currently they are seeing a decrease in that ratio to 5.4 as of Sept 2013. According to company disclosure Ford Motor Co has Debt to Equity of 5.4 times. This is 550.0% higher than that of Consumer Goods sector, and 355.56% higher than that of Auto Manufacturers – Major industry (axis, 2014). Data for this Date Range Sept. 30, 2013 5.405 June 30, 2013 5.624 March 31, 2013 6.102 Dec. 31, 2012 6.588 Sept. 30, 2012 4.586 June 30, 2012 5.031 March 31, 2012 6.051 Dec. 31, 2011 6.620 Sept. 30, 2011 15.06 June 30, 2011 17.56 March 31, 2011 39.71 Dec. 31, 2010 -147.79 Sept. 30, 2010 -65.94 June 30, 2010 -32.93 March 31, 2010 -23.84 Dec. 31, 2009 -16.36 Sept. 30, 2009 -15.29 June 30, 2009 -12.42 March 31, 2009 -8.303 References axis, M. (2014). Ford Debt to Equity. Retrieved from macro axis: http://www.macroaxis.com/invest/ratio/F–Debt-to-Equity Ford. (2012). 2012 Annual Report. Retrieved from Corporate.ford.com: http://corporate.ford.com/doc/ar2012-2012%20Annual%20Report.pdf Taylor III, A. (2009). Fixing Up FORD. (Cover story). Fortune, 159(11), 44-52. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Yahoo. (2013, Feb). Form 10-K for FORD MOTOR CO. Retrieved from Yahoo! Finance: http://biz.yahoo.com/e/130219/f10-k.html